Friday, November 6, 2009
MASS COMMUNICATION IN INDIA
MASS COMMUNICATION IN INDIA In a country like ours, mass communication plays a vital role in creating awareness in people about national policies and programmes by providing information and education besides healthy entertainment. It helps people to be active partners in the nation-building endeavour. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting is responsible for development and regulation of information, broadcasting and film sectors where as the Press Council of India regulates the press and the print media in the country. Different modes of mass communication such as the Akashvani, All India Radio, Doordarshan, newspapers, cinemas, etc., operating under the electronic and print media and various organisation associated with them are discussed in detail in the General Knowledge section.
Basic Services
Basic Services Based on the recommendations of TRAI, the government announced guidelines in 2001 for issue of licences, with unrestricted open entry, to new basic service operators in all the service areas, including the six service areas where private licencees already existed. The country is divided into 21 territorial service areas for the grant of basic service licence. National Long Distance (NLD) service was opened to the private sector from August 13, 2000. The International Long Distance (ILD) service is basically a network carriage service, providing international connectivity to the network operated by foreign carriers. In accordance with the NTP 1999, the government opened the International Long Distance Service from April 1, 2002 to the private operators. There is no restriction on the number of operators.
CELLULAR SERVICES The country is divided into 19 telecom circles service areas and four metro service areas for the cellular mobile telephone service. There are three private operators and one state-owned operator in each service area.
INTERNET SERVICES Internet Services are opened for private participation since November 1998. Any Indian registered company is eligible for getting the licence and no prior experience is required. Foreign equity up to 100 per cent is permitted for Internet services providers (ISPs) without gateways and up to 74 per cent is permitted for ISPs with gateways.
CELLULAR SERVICES The country is divided into 19 telecom circles service areas and four metro service areas for the cellular mobile telephone service. There are three private operators and one state-owned operator in each service area.
INTERNET SERVICES Internet Services are opened for private participation since November 1998. Any Indian registered company is eligible for getting the licence and no prior experience is required. Foreign equity up to 100 per cent is permitted for Internet services providers (ISPs) without gateways and up to 74 per cent is permitted for ISPs with gateways.
Regulatory Framework
Regulatory Framework In early 1997, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was established to regulate the telecommunication services and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
A separate disputes settlement body known as the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal has also been constituted for expeditious settlement of disputes.
A pilot scheme, Grameen Sanchar Sewak (GSS) Scheme was launched on December 24, 2002 through Grameen Dak Sewak Delivery Agents (GDSDA) of the Department of Posts (DOP), attached to the rural post offices. In this scheme, GDSDA volunteers are called Grameen Sanchar Sewaks (GSS), who carry a mobile fixed wireless terminal (FWT) with display unit in a (;:arry bag and visit door to door to provide telephone facility to the rural population in his routine beat in the villages.
A separate disputes settlement body known as the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal has also been constituted for expeditious settlement of disputes.
A pilot scheme, Grameen Sanchar Sewak (GSS) Scheme was launched on December 24, 2002 through Grameen Dak Sewak Delivery Agents (GDSDA) of the Department of Posts (DOP), attached to the rural post offices. In this scheme, GDSDA volunteers are called Grameen Sanchar Sewaks (GSS), who carry a mobile fixed wireless terminal (FWT) with display unit in a (;:arry bag and visit door to door to provide telephone facility to the rural population in his routine beat in the villages.
Telecommunications System in India
Telecommunications System in India India operates one of the largest telecommunications networks in the world. It includes communication through telephone, mobile and Internet. The provision of world class telecommunication infrastructure is the key to rapid economic and social development of the country. It is also anticipated that in the near future, a major part of the GDP of the country would be contributed by this sector.
In India, telecommunication services were introduced soon after the invention of telegraphy and telephone. The first telegraph line between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour was opened for traffic in 1851. By March 1884, telegraph messages could be sent from Agra to Calcutta. By 1900, telegraph and telephone. had started serving the Indian Railways. Telephone service was also introduced in Calcutta in 1881-82, barely six years after the invention of telephone. The first automatic exchange was commissioned at Simla in 1913-14 with a capacity of 700 lines.
Initially, the telephone exchanges were of manual type, which were subsequently upgraded to automatic electromechanical type. In the last 'one-and-a-half decade, a significant qualitative improvement has been brought about by inducting digital electronic exchanges in the network on a very large scale. Today all the telephone exchanges in the country are of electronic type.
In India, telecommunication services were introduced soon after the invention of telegraphy and telephone. The first telegraph line between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour was opened for traffic in 1851. By March 1884, telegraph messages could be sent from Agra to Calcutta. By 1900, telegraph and telephone. had started serving the Indian Railways. Telephone service was also introduced in Calcutta in 1881-82, barely six years after the invention of telephone. The first automatic exchange was commissioned at Simla in 1913-14 with a capacity of 700 lines.
Initially, the telephone exchanges were of manual type, which were subsequently upgraded to automatic electromechanical type. In the last 'one-and-a-half decade, a significant qualitative improvement has been brought about by inducting digital electronic exchanges in the network on a very large scale. Today all the telephone exchanges in the country are of electronic type.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS Telecommunications systems are devices and techniques used for the transmission of information via wire, optical fibre, optical wireless, or radio wave. These systems transfer a wide variety of information, including audio (e.g., voice and music), video (still-frame and full motion), computer (files and applications), and telegraphic data. In other words, radio, televisions, telephones and computer-based data exchange or retrieval systems are examples of telecommunications systems.
Telephone and telegraph networks (e.g. telex) have long been in operation. More recently, cable television and telemetry networks, such as those used in the remote
control of automobile traffic and widely distributed industrial operations, have become prominent. Rapid advances in computer technology also have led to a dramatic growth of data-retrieval and exchange networks. Computer-tocomputer communication has also become commonplace for owners of home computers. Subscribers to special information services can interact with a host computer to access educational and entertainment materials as well as news and stock-market reports.
Telephone and telegraph networks (e.g. telex) have long been in operation. More recently, cable television and telemetry networks, such as those used in the remote
control of automobile traffic and widely distributed industrial operations, have become prominent. Rapid advances in computer technology also have led to a dramatic growth of data-retrieval and exchange networks. Computer-tocomputer communication has also become commonplace for owners of home computers. Subscribers to special information services can interact with a host computer to access educational and entertainment materials as well as news and stock-market reports.
Modernisation' of Mail Services
Modernisation' of Mail Services As a part of the modernisation programme, computerisation of the registration sorting work in major mail offices has been undertaken. A beginning in this regard was made during the financial year 1995-96 by computerising registration sorting work at Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Chennai. Another area identified for computerisation is the Transit Mail Offices (TMOs). The TMOs have a vital role in the smooth handling and transmission of closed mailbags. To improve the ergonomics and ambience of the Mail offices, these are being modernised with better operational equipments and improved furniture. As a part of modemisation programme, computerisation of the Head Record Office (HRO) for proper maintenance of valuable records their prompt retrieval and efficient office management has also been undertaken.
International mail
International mail India has been a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) since 1876 and of the Asian Pacific Postal Union (APPU) since 1964. These organisations aim at extending, facilitating and improving postal relations among member-countries. India exchanges mail with more than two hundred countries by air and surface. With a view to improve the quality of surface mails, India initially introduced the Surface Air Lifted (SAL) Mail Service in respect of letters and parcels to four destinations, namely Germany, Great Britain, Singapore and the USA. In respect of parcels, this service has now been extended to more countries.
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